scikit学习-带置信区间的ROC曲线

您可以引导ROC计算(带有替换的新版本的示例 y_true / y_pred 从原件中删除 _真 / y_预处理 并重新计算的新值 roc_curve 每次),并且以这种方式估计置信区间。

为了将列车测试拆分引起的可变性考虑在内,您也可以使用 ShuffleSplit CV迭代器多次,在火车分割上拟合模型,生成 y_预处理 对于每个模型,从而收集 过程曲线(_C) s,并最终计算它们的置信区间。

编辑 :在python中引导

这里是一个从单个模型的预测中引导ROC AUC分数的例子。我选择引导ROC AUC,以使其更容易作为堆栈溢出答案,但它可以改为引导整个曲线:

import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import sem
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score

y_pred = np.array([0.21, 0.32, 0.63, 0.35, 0.92, 0.79, 0.82, 0.99, 0.04])
y_true = np.array([0,    1,    0,    0,    1,    1,    0,    1,    0   ])

print("Original ROC area: {:0.3f}".format(roc_auc_score(y_true, y_pred)))

n_bootstraps = 1000
rng_seed = 42  # control reproducibility
bootstrapped_scores = []

rng = np.random.RandomState(rng_seed)
for i in range(n_bootstraps):
    # bootstrap by sampling with replacement on the prediction indices
    indices = rng.randint(0, len(y_pred), len(y_pred))
    if len(np.unique(y_true[indices])) < 2:
        # We need at least one positive and one negative sample for ROC AUC
        # to be defined: reject the sample
        continue

    score = roc_auc_score(y_true[indices], y_pred[indices])
    bootstrapped_scores.append(score)
    print("Bootstrap #{} ROC area: {:0.3f}".format(i + 1, score))

您可以看到,我们需要拒绝一些无效的重采样。然而,在具有许多预测的真实数据中,这是一个非常罕见的事件,不应显著影响置信区间(您可以尝试改变 rng_seed 检查)。

这是直方图:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.hist(bootstrapped_scores, bins=50)
plt.title('Histogram of the bootstrapped ROC AUC scores')
plt.show()

请注意,重新采样的分数在[0-1]范围内被审查,导致最后一个bin中有大量分数。

要获得置信区间,可以对样本进行排序:

sorted_scores = np.array(bootstrapped_scores)
sorted_scores.sort()

# Computing the lower and upper bound of the 90% confidence interval
# You can change the bounds percentiles to 0.025 and 0.975 to get
# a 95% confidence interval instead.
confidence_lower = sorted_scores[int(0.05 * len(sorted_scores))]
confidence_upper = sorted_scores[int(0.95 * len(sorted_scores))]
print("Confidence interval for the score: [{:0.3f} - {:0.3}]".format(
    confidence_lower, confidence_upper))

其给出:

Confidence interval for the score: [0.444 - 1.0]

置信区间很宽,但这可能是我选择预测的结果(9个预测中有3个错误),而且预测的总数很小。

关于这个图的另一个注释是:分数是量化的(许多空的直方图仓)。这是少量预测的结果。可以在分数上引入一点高斯噪声(或者 y_预处理 值)来平滑分布并使直方图看起来更好。但是,平滑带宽的选择很棘手。

最后,如前所述,这个置信区间是针对您的训练集的。为了更好地估计由模型类和参数引起的ROC的可变性,您应该进行迭代交叉验证。然而,这通常要昂贵得多,因为你需要为每个随机的训练/测试分割训练一个新的模型。

编辑:自从我第一次写这个回复以来,scipy中直接有一个引导程序实现:

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.bootstrap.html

德隆解决方案 [无引导]

正如这里的一些人所建议的那样 pROC R中的包对于开箱即用的ROC AUC置信区间非常方便,但在python中找不到该包。根据 中华人民共和国 documentation ,置信区间通过DeLong计算:

DeLong是一种评估不确定性的渐近精确方法 AUC(DeLong等人(1988))。自版本1.9以来,pROC使用 Sun和Xu(2014)提出的具有O(N log N)的算法 复杂性,并且总是比自举更快。默认情况下,pROC 将尽可能选择DeLong方法。

幸运的是,Yandex Data School在其公共回购中实现了Fast DeLong:

https://github.com/yandexdataschool/roc_comparison

因此,本例中使用的DeLong实现归功于他们。 以下是通过DeLong获取CI的方法:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Nov  6 10:06:52 2018

@author: yandexdataschool

Original Code found in:
https://github.com/yandexdataschool/roc_comparison

updated: Raul Sanchez-Vazquez
"""

import numpy as np
import scipy.stats
from scipy import stats

# AUC comparison adapted from
# https://github.com/Netflix/vmaf/
def compute_midrank(x):
    """Computes midranks.
    Args:
       x - a 1D numpy array
    Returns:
       array of midranks
    """
    J = np.argsort(x)
    Z = x[J]
    N = len(x)
    T = np.zeros(N, dtype=np.float)
    i = 0
    while i < N:
        j = i
        while j < N and Z[j] == Z[i]:
            j += 1
        T[i:j] = 0.5*(i + j - 1)
        i = j
    T2 = np.empty(N, dtype=np.float)
    # Note(kazeevn) +1 is due to Python using 0-based indexing
    # instead of 1-based in the AUC formula in the paper
    T2[J] = T + 1
    return T2


def compute_midrank_weight(x, sample_weight):
    """Computes midranks.
    Args:
       x - a 1D numpy array
    Returns:
       array of midranks
    """
    J = np.argsort(x)
    Z = x[J]
    cumulative_weight = np.cumsum(sample_weight[J])
    N = len(x)
    T = np.zeros(N, dtype=np.float)
    i = 0
    while i < N:
        j = i
        while j < N and Z[j] == Z[i]:
            j += 1
        T[i:j] = cumulative_weight[i:j].mean()
        i = j
    T2 = np.empty(N, dtype=np.float)
    T2[J] = T
    return T2


def fastDeLong(predictions_sorted_transposed, label_1_count, sample_weight):
    if sample_weight is None:
        return fastDeLong_no_weights(predictions_sorted_transposed, label_1_count)
    else:
        return fastDeLong_weights(predictions_sorted_transposed, label_1_count, sample_weight)


def fastDeLong_weights(predictions_sorted_transposed, label_1_count, sample_weight):
    """
    The fast version of DeLong's method for computing the covariance of
    unadjusted AUC.
    Args:
       predictions_sorted_transposed: a 2D numpy.array[n_classifiers, n_examples]
          sorted such as the examples with label "1" are first
    Returns:
       (AUC value, DeLong covariance)
    Reference:
     @article{sun2014fast,
       title={Fast Implementation of DeLong's Algorithm for
              Comparing the Areas Under Correlated Receiver Oerating Characteristic Curves},
       author={Xu Sun and Weichao Xu},
       journal={IEEE Signal Processing Letters},
       volume={21},
       number={11},
       pages={1389--1393},
       year={2014},
       publisher={IEEE}
     }
    """
    # Short variables are named as they are in the paper
    m = label_1_count
    n = predictions_sorted_transposed.shape[1] - m
    positive_examples = predictions_sorted_transposed[:, :m]
    negative_examples = predictions_sorted_transposed[:, m:]
    k = predictions_sorted_transposed.shape[0]

    tx = np.empty([k, m], dtype=np.float)
    ty = np.empty([k, n], dtype=np.float)
    tz = np.empty([k, m + n], dtype=np.float)
    for r in range(k):
        tx[r, :] = compute_midrank_weight(positive_examples[r, :], sample_weight[:m])
        ty[r, :] = compute_midrank_weight(negative_examples[r, :], sample_weight[m:])
        tz[r, :] = compute_midrank_weight(predictions_sorted_transposed[r, :], sample_weight)
    total_positive_weights = sample_weight[:m].sum()
    total_negative_weights = sample_weight[m:].sum()
    pair_weights = np.dot(sample_weight[:m, np.newaxis], sample_weight[np.newaxis, m:])
    total_pair_weights = pair_weights.sum()
    aucs = (sample_weight[:m]*(tz[:, :m] - tx)).sum(axis=1) / total_pair_weights
    v01 = (tz[:, :m] - tx[:, :]) / total_negative_weights
    v10 = 1. - (tz[:, m:] - ty[:, :]) / total_positive_weights
    sx = np.cov(v01)
    sy = np.cov(v10)
    delongcov = sx / m + sy / n
    return aucs, delongcov


def fastDeLong_no_weights(predictions_sorted_transposed, label_1_count):
    """
    The fast version of DeLong's method for computing the covariance of
    unadjusted AUC.
    Args:
       predictions_sorted_transposed: a 2D numpy.array[n_classifiers, n_examples]
          sorted such as the examples with label "1" are first
    Returns:
       (AUC value, DeLong covariance)
    Reference:
     @article{sun2014fast,
       title={Fast Implementation of DeLong's Algorithm for
              Comparing the Areas Under Correlated Receiver Oerating
              Characteristic Curves},
       author={Xu Sun and Weichao Xu},
       journal={IEEE Signal Processing Letters},
       volume={21},
       number={11},
       pages={1389--1393},
       year={2014},
       publisher={IEEE}
     }
    """
    # Short variables are named as they are in the paper
    m = label_1_count
    n = predictions_sorted_transposed.shape[1] - m
    positive_examples = predictions_sorted_transposed[:, :m]
    negative_examples = predictions_sorted_transposed[:, m:]
    k = predictions_sorted_transposed.shape[0]

    tx = np.empty([k, m], dtype=np.float)
    ty = np.empty([k, n], dtype=np.float)
    tz = np.empty([k, m + n], dtype=np.float)
    for r in range(k):
        tx[r, :] = compute_midrank(positive_examples[r, :])
        ty[r, :] = compute_midrank(negative_examples[r, :])
        tz[r, :] = compute_midrank(predictions_sorted_transposed[r, :])
    aucs = tz[:, :m].sum(axis=1) / m / n - float(m + 1.0) / 2.0 / n
    v01 = (tz[:, :m] - tx[:, :]) / n
    v10 = 1.0 - (tz[:, m:] - ty[:, :]) / m
    sx = np.cov(v01)
    sy = np.cov(v10)
    delongcov = sx / m + sy / n
    return aucs, delongcov


def calc_pvalue(aucs, sigma):
    """Computes log(10) of p-values.
    Args:
       aucs: 1D array of AUCs
       sigma: AUC DeLong covariances
    Returns:
       log10(pvalue)
    """
    l = np.array([[1, -1]])
    z = np.abs(np.diff(aucs)) / np.sqrt(np.dot(np.dot(l, sigma), l.T))
    return np.log10(2) + scipy.stats.norm.logsf(z, loc=0, scale=1) / np.log(10)


def compute_ground_truth_statistics(ground_truth, sample_weight):
    assert np.array_equal(np.unique(ground_truth), [0, 1])
    order = (-ground_truth).argsort()
    label_1_count = int(ground_truth.sum())
    if sample_weight is None:
        ordered_sample_weight = None
    else:
        ordered_sample_weight = sample_weight[order]

    return order, label_1_count, ordered_sample_weight


def delong_roc_variance(ground_truth, predictions, sample_weight=None):
    """
    Computes ROC AUC variance for a single set of predictions
    Args:
       ground_truth: np.array of 0 and 1
       predictions: np.array of floats of the probability of being class 1
    """
    order, label_1_count, ordered_sample_weight = compute_ground_truth_statistics(
        ground_truth, sample_weight)
    predictions_sorted_transposed = predictions[np.newaxis, order]
    aucs, delongcov = fastDeLong(predictions_sorted_transposed, label_1_count, ordered_sample_weight)
    assert len(aucs) == 1, "There is a bug in the code, please forward this to the developers"
    return aucs[0], delongcov


alpha = .95
y_pred = np.array([0.21, 0.32, 0.63, 0.35, 0.92, 0.79, 0.82, 0.99, 0.04])
y_true = np.array([0,    1,    0,    0,    1,    1,    0,    1,    0   ])

auc, auc_cov = delong_roc_variance(
    y_true,
    y_pred)

auc_std = np.sqrt(auc_cov)
lower_upper_q = np.abs(np.array([0, 1]) - (1 - alpha) / 2)

ci = stats.norm.ppf(
    lower_upper_q,
    loc=auc,
    scale=auc_std)

ci[ci > 1] = 1

print('AUC:', auc)
print('AUC COV:', auc_cov)
print('95% AUC CI:', ci)

输出:

AUC: 0.8
AUC COV: 0.028749999999999998
95% AUC CI: [0.46767194, 1.]

我还检查了此实现是否与 中华人民共和国 从中获得的结果 R :

library(pROC)

y_true = c(0,    1,    0,    0,    1,    1,    0,    1,    0)
y_pred = c(0.21, 0.32, 0.63, 0.35, 0.92, 0.79, 0.82, 0.99, 0.04)

# Build a ROC object and compute the AUC
roc = roc(y_true, y_pred)
roc

输出:

Call:
roc.default(response = y_true, predictor = y_pred)

Data: y_pred in 5 controls (y_true 0) < 4 cases (y_true 1).
Area under the curve: 0.8

然后

# Compute the Confidence Interval
ci(roc)

输出

95% CI: 0.4677-1 (DeLong)