新样式类中的方法解析顺序(MRO)?

当在“天真”、“深度优先”的方法中出现同一祖先类不止一次时,传统继承类与新类型类的分辨率顺序之间的关键差异出现了——例如,考虑“菱形继承”的情况:

>>> class A: x = 'a'
... 
>>> class B(A): pass
... 
>>> class C(A): x = 'c'
... 
>>> class D(B, C): pass
... 
>>> D.x
'a'

>>> class A(object): x = 'a'
... 
>>> class B(A): pass
... 
>>> class C(A): x = 'c'
... 
>>> class D(B, C): pass
... 
>>> D.x
'c'
>>> 

这里是新款,顺序是:

>>> D.__mro__
(<class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, 
    <class '__main__.A'>, <type 'object'>)

具有 A 强制在其所有子类之后以解析顺序出现一次,以便覆盖(即C对成员的覆盖 x )实际工作是明智的。

这是应该避免使用旧式类的原因之一:使用“菱形”模式的多重继承在它们身上不起作用,而在新样式中却起作用。

明白了,看一看 C3 linearization

class G():
    def m(self):
        print("G")

class F(G):
    def m(self):
        print("F")
        super().m()

class E(G):
    def m(self):
        print("E")
        super().m()

class D(G):
    def m(self):
        print("D")
        super().m()

class C(E):
    def m(self):
        print("C")
        super().m()

class B(D, E, F):
    def m(self):
        print("B")
        super().m()

class A(B, C):
    def m(self):
        print("A")
        super().m()


#      A^
#     / \
#    B^  C^
#   /| X
# D^ E^ F^
#  \ | /
#    G

你拿到B D C E F G了吗?

x = A()
x.m()

经过大量的尝试和错误,我对C3线性化给出了一个非正式的图论解释,如下所示:(如果这是错误的,请告诉我。)

考虑这个例子:

class I(G):
    def m(self):
        print("I")
        super().m()

class H():
    def m(self):
        print("H")

class G(H):
    def m(self):
        print("G")
        super().m()

class F(H):
    def m(self):
        print("F")
        super().m()

class E(H):
    def m(self):
        print("E")
        super().m()

class D(F):
    def m(self):
        print("D")
        super().m()

class C(E, F, G):
    def m(self):
        print("C")
        super().m()

class B():
    def m(self):
        print("B")
        super().m()

class A(B, C, D):
    def m(self):
        print("A")
        super().m()

# Algorithm:

# 1. Build an inheritance graph such that the children point at the parents (you'll have to imagine the arrows are there) and
#    keeping the correct left to right order. (I've marked methods that call super with ^)

#          A^
#       /  |  \
#     /    |    \
#   B^     C^    D^  I^
#        / | \  /   /
#       /  |  X    /   
#      /   |/  \  /     
#    E^    F^   G^
#     \    |    /
#       \  |  / 
#          H
# (In this example, A is a child of B, so imagine an edge going FROM A TO B)

# 2. Remove all classes that aren't eventually inherited by A

#          A^
#       /  |  \
#     /    |    \
#   B^     C^    D^
#        / | \  /  
#       /  |  X    
#      /   |/  \ 
#    E^    F^   G^
#     \    |    /
#       \  |  / 
#          H

# 3. For each level of the graph from bottom to top
#       For each node in the level from right to left
#           Remove all of the edges coming into the node except for the right-most one
#           Remove all of the edges going out of the node except for the left-most one

# Level {H}
#
#          A^
#       /  |  \
#     /    |    \
#   B^     C^    D^
#        / | \  /  
#       /  |  X    
#      /   |/  \ 
#    E^    F^   G^
#               |
#               |
#               H

# Level {G F E}
#
#         A^
#       / |  \
#     /   |    \
#   B^    C^   D^
#         | \ /  
#         |  X    
#         | | \
#         E^F^ G^
#              |
#              |
#              H

# Level {D C B}
#
#      A^
#     /| \
#    / |  \
#   B^ C^ D^
#      |  |  
#      |  |    
#      |  |  
#      E^ F^ G^
#            |
#            |
#            H

# Level {A}
#
#   A^
#   |
#   |
#   B^  C^  D^
#       |   |
#       |   |
#       |   |
#       E^  F^  G^
#               |
#               |
#               H

# The resolution order can now be determined by reading from top to bottom, left to right.  A B C E D F G H

x = A()
x.m()

Base3 到 Base1

class Base1(object):
    def amethod(self): print "Base1"

class Base2(Base1):
    pass

class Base3(Base1):
    def amethod(self): print "Base3"

class Derived(Base2,Base3):
    pass

instance = Derived()
instance.amethod()


class Base1:
    def amethod(self): print "Base1"

class Base2(Base1):
    pass

class Base3(Base1):
    def amethod(self): print "Base3"

class Derived(Base2,Base3):
    pass

instance = Derived()
instance.amethod()

现在它输出:

Base3
Base1

阅读 this explanation 了解更多信息。

您看到这种行为是因为方法解析是深度优先,而不是广度优先。德维德的遗产看起来像

         Base2 -> Base1
        /
Derived - Base3

所以 instance.amethod()

2. 查看Base2已从Base1继承,并检查Base1。Base1有一个 amethod ,所以它被称为。

这反映在 Derived.__mro__ . 简单地迭代 并在找到要查找的方法时停止。