Python:强制新样式类

__div__ 如果你愿意的话 c/3 去工作。Python不会先将对象转换为数字。

这是可行的,并且在经过几次改进(对@jchl的支持)之后就不那么粗俗了,但是它似乎仍然是不必要的,特别是考虑到您可以免费获得“旧式”类。

我还在寻找更好的答案。如果没有更好的方法,在我看来,这就像Python语言中的回归。

def ops_list():
    "calculate the list of overloadable operators"
    #<type 'object'> has functions but no operations
    not_ops = dir(object)

    #calculate the list of operation names
    ops = set()
    for mytype in (int, float, str):
        for op in dir(mytype):
            if op.endswith("__") and op not in not_ops:
                ops.add(op)
    return sorted(ops)

class MetaCastable(type):
    __ops = ops_list()

    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):
        #pass any undefined ops to self.__op__
        def add_op(op):
            if op in dict:
                return
            fn = lambda self, *args: self.__op__(op, args)
            fn.__name__ = op
            dict[op] = fn

        for op in mcs.__ops:
            add_op( op )
        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)


class Castable(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaCastable
    def __str__(self):
        print "str!"
        return "<Castable>"
    def __int__(self):
        print "int!"
        return 42
    def __float__(self):
        print "float!"
        return 2.718281828459045

    def __op__(self, op, args):
        try:
            other = args[0]
        except IndexError:
            other = None
        print "%s %s %s" % (self, op, other)
        self, other = coerce(self, other)
        return getattr(self, op)(*args)

    def __coerce__(self, other):
        print "coercing like %r!" % other
        if other is None: other = 0.0
        return (type(other)(self), other)

class MetaCastable(type):
    __binary_ops = ( 
            'add', 'sub', 'mul', 'floordiv', 'mod', 'divmod', 'pow', 'lshift', 
            'rshift', 'and', 'xor', 'or', 'div', 'truediv',
    )

    __unary_ops = ( 'neg', 'pos', 'abs', 'invert', )

    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):
        def make_binary_op(op):
            fn = lambda self, other: self.__op__(op, other)
            fn.__name__ = op
            return fn

        for opname in mcs.__binary_ops:
            for op in ( '__%s__', '__r%s__' ):
                op %= opname
                if op in dict:
                    continue
                dict[op] = make_binary_op(op)

        def make_unary_op(op):
            fn = lambda self: self.__op__(op, None)
            fn.__name__ = op
            return fn

        for opname in mcs.__unary_ops:
            op = '__%s__' % opname
            if op in dict:
                continue
            dict[op] = make_unary_op(op)

        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)

class Castable(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaCastable
    def __str__(self):
        print "str!"
        return "<Castable>"
    def __int__(self):
        print "int!"
        return 42
    def __float__(self):
        print "float!"
        return 2.718281828459045

    def __op__(self, op, other):
        if other is None:
            print "%s(%s)" % (op, self)
            self, other = coerce(self, 0.0)
            return getattr(self, op)()
        else:
            print "%s %s %s" % (self, op, other)
            self, other = coerce(self, other)
            return getattr(self, op)(other)

    def __coerce__(self, other):
        print "coercing like %r!" % other
        return (type(other)(self), other)

class Castable(object):
    def __div__(self, other):
        return 42 / other

新样式类比旧样式类运行得更快、更精确。这样就不贵了 __getattr__ , __getattribute__ , __coerce__ 以任何廉价的理由和可疑的顺序打电话。

旧式的 __胁迫__ coerce 在PY3中丢失。问题示例针对相当广泛的虚拟化。

然而,我不会像其他答案中所示,仅仅为了这样一个循环或提供一种简单的基类行为而使用一个元类。那就是用大锤敲螺母。

下面是一个“变体”虚拟化的示例助手:

def Virtual(*methods):
    """Build a (new style) base or mixin class, which routes method or
    operator calls to one __virtualmeth__ and attribute lookups to
    __virtualget__ and __virtualset__ optionally.

    *methods (strings, classes): Providing method names to be routed
    """
    class VirtualBase(object):  
        def __virtualmeth__(self, methname, *args, **kw):
            raise NotImplementedError
    def _mkmeth(methname, thing):
        if not callable(thing):
            prop = property(lambda self:self.__virtualget__(methname),
                            lambda self, v:self.__virtualset__(methname, v))
            return prop
        def _meth(self, *args, **kw):
            return self.__virtualmeth__(methname, *args, **kw)
        _meth.__name__ = methname
        return _meth
    for m in methods:
        for name, thing in (isinstance(m, str) and
                            {m:lambda:None} or m.__dict__).items():
            if name not in ('__new__', '__init__', '__setattr__', ##'__cmp__',
                            '__getattribute__', '__doc__', ):   ##'__getattr__', 
                setattr(VirtualBase, name, _mkmeth(name, thing))
    return VirtualBase

import operator
class Anaphor(Virtual(int, float, str)):   
    """remember a sub-expression comfortably:

    A = Anaphor()      # at least per thread / TLS
    if re.search(...) >> A:
        print(A.groups(), +A)
    if A(x % 7) != 0:
        print(A, 1 + A, A < 3.0, A.real, '%.2f' % A, +A)
    """
    value = 0
    def __virtualmeth__(self, methname, *args, **kw):
        try: r = getattr(self.value, methname)(*args, **kw)
        except AttributeError:
            return getattr(operator, methname)(self.value, *args, **kw)
        if r is NotImplemented: # simple type -> coerce
            try: tcommon = type(self.value + args[0])    # PY2 coerce
            except: return NotImplemented
            return getattr(tcommon(self.value), methname)(*args, **kw)
        return r
    def __call__(self, value):   
        self.value = value
        return value
    __lshift__ = __rrshift__ = __call__     # A << x;  x >> A
    def __pos__(self):                      # real = +A
        return self.value
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self.value, name)
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Anaphor:%r>' % self.value

pow() :-) :

>>> A = Anaphor()
>>> x = 1
>>> if x + 11 >> A:
...     print repr(A), A, +A, 'y' * A, 3.0 < A, pow(A, 2, 100)
...     
<Anaphor:12> 12 12 yyyyyyyyyyyy True 44