出于教育的目的,我一直试图从《Idris的类型驱动开发》(即 RemoveElem.idr

{-# LANGUAGE EmptyCase #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeInType #-}

import Data.Kind
import Data.Type.Equality
import Data.Void

-- | Inductively defined natural numbers.
data Nat = Z | S Nat deriving (Eq, Show)

-- | Singleton types for natural numbers.
data SNat :: Nat -> Type where
    SZ :: SNat 'Z
    SS :: SNat n -> SNat ('S n)

deriving instance Show (SNat n)

-- | "Demote" a singleton-typed natural number to an ordinary 'Nat'.
fromSNat :: SNat n -> Nat
fromSNat SZ = Z
fromSNat (SS n) = S (fromSNat n)

-- | A decidable proposition.
data Dec a = Yes a | No (a -> Void)

-- | Propositional equality of natural numbers.
eqSNat :: SNat a -> SNat b -> Dec (a :~: b)
eqSNat  SZ     SZ    = Yes Refl
eqSNat  SZ    (SS _) = No (\case {})
eqSNat (SS _)  SZ    = No (\case {})
eqSNat (SS a) (SS b) = case eqSNat a b of
    No  f    -> No (\case Refl -> f Refl)
    Yes Refl -> Yes Refl

-- | A length-indexed list (aka vector).
data Vect :: Nat -> Type -> Type where
    Nil   :: Vect 'Z a
    (:::) :: a -> Vect n a -> Vect ('S n) a

infixr 5 :::

deriving instance Show a => Show (Vect n a)

-- | @Elem a v@ is the proposition that an element of type @a@
-- is contained in a vector of type @v@. To be useful, @a@ and @v@
-- need to refer to singleton types.
data Elem :: forall a n. a -> Vect n a -> Type where
    Here  :: Elem x (x '::: xs)
    There :: Elem x xs -> Elem x (y '::: xs)

deriving instance Show a => Show (Elem a v)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- From here on, to simplify things, only vectors of natural
-- numbers are considered.

-- | Singleton types for vectors of 'Nat's.
data SNatVect :: forall n. Nat -> Vect n Nat -> Type where
    SNatNil  :: SNatVect 'Z 'Nil
    SNatCons :: SNat a -> SNatVect n v -> SNatVect ('S n) (a '::: v)

deriving instance Show (SNatVect n v)

-- | "Demote" a singleton-typed vector of 'SNat's to an
-- ordinary vector of 'Nat's.
fromSNatVect :: SNatVect n v -> Vect n Nat
fromSNatVect SNatNil = Nil
fromSNatVect (SNatCons a v) = fromSNat a ::: fromSNatVect v

-- | Decide whether a value is in a vector.
isElem :: SNat a -> SNatVect n v -> Dec (Elem a v)
isElem _  SNatNil        = No (\case {})
isElem a (SNatCons b as) = case eqSNat a b of
    Yes Refl   -> Yes Here
    No notHere -> case isElem a as of
        Yes there   -> Yes (There there)
        No notThere -> No $ \case
            Here        -> notHere Refl
            There there -> notThere there

type family RemoveElem (a :: Nat) (v :: Vect ('S n) Nat) :: Vect n Nat where
    RemoveElem a (a '::: as) = as
    RemoveElem a (b '::: as) = b '::: RemoveElem a as

-- | Remove a (singleton-typed) element from a (non-empty, singleton-typed)
-- vector, given a proof that the element is in the vector.
removeElem :: forall (a :: Nat) (v :: Vect ('S n) Nat)
    . SNat a
    -> Elem a v
    -> SNatVect ('S n) v
    -> SNatVect n (RemoveElem a v)
removeElem x prf (SNatCons y ys) = case prf of
    Here        -> ys
    There later -> case ys of
        SNatNil    -> case later of {}
        SNatCons{} -> SNatCons y (removeElem x later ys)
            -- ^ Could not deduce:
            --            RemoveElem a (y '::: (a2 '::: v2))
            --          ~ (y '::: RemoveElem a (a2 '::: v2))

显然,类型系统需要说服 x 和 y 在代码的该分支中不可能相等,因此可以根据需要明确地使用类型族的第二个表达式来减少返回类型。我不知道怎么做。天真地说,我想要构造器 There 因此模式匹配 There later

下面是一个明显多余的部分解决方案,它只是演示了GHC对递归调用进行类型检查所需的类型不等式:

        SNatCons{} -> case (x, y) of
            (SZ, SS _) -> SNatCons y (removeElem x later ys)
            (SS _, SZ) -> SNatCons y (removeElem x later ys)

现在,这个工作:

λ> let vec = SNatCons SZ (SNatCons (SS SZ) (SNatCons SZ SNatNil))
λ> :t vec
vec
  :: SNatVect ('S ('S ('S 'Z))) ('Z '::: ('S 'Z '::: ('Z '::: 'Nil)))
λ> let Yes prf = isElem (SS SZ) vec
λ> :t prf
prf :: Elem ('S 'Z) ('Z '::: ('S 'Z '::: ('Z '::: 'Nil)))
λ> let vec' = removeElem (SS SZ) prf vec
λ> :t vec'
vec' :: SNatVect ('S ('S 'Z)) ('Z '::: ('Z '::: 'Nil))
λ> fromSNatVect vec'
Z ::: (Z ::: Nil)

正如@chi评论中暗示的,并在 HTNW's answer ,我试图通过写作来解决错误的问题 removeElem 有了上面的类型签名和类型系列,如果我可以的话,生成的程序将是不正确的类型。

以下是我根据HTNW的答案所做的更正(在继续阅读之前,您可能需要阅读)。

SNatVect s型。我认为有必要写 fromSNatVect ,但肯定不是:

data SNatVect (v :: Vect n Nat) :: Type where
    SNatNil  :: SNatVect 'Nil
    SNatCons :: SNat a -> SNatVect v -> SNatVect (a '::: v)

deriving instance Show (SNatVect v)

fromSNatVect :: forall (v :: Vect n Nat). SNatVect v -> Vect n Nat
-- implementation unchanged

现在有两种写作方法 拆卸 . 第一个需要一个 Elem 蛇形 Vect :

removeElem :: forall (a :: Nat) (n :: Nat) (v :: Vect ('S n) Nat)
    . Elem a v
    -> SNatVect v
    -> Vect n Nat
removeElem prf (SNatCons y ys) = case prf of
    Here        -> fromSNatVect ys
    There later -> case ys of
        SNatNil    -> case later of {}
        SNatCons{} -> fromSNat y ::: removeElem later ys

SElem ,一个 并返回 蛇形 ,使用 RemoveElem

data SElem (e :: Elem a (v :: Vect n k)) where
    SHere  :: forall x xs. SElem ('Here :: Elem x (x '::: xs))
    SThere :: forall x y xs (e :: Elem x xs). SElem e -> SElem ('There e :: Elem x (y '::: xs))

type family RemoveElem (xs :: Vect ('S n) a) (e :: Elem x xs) :: Vect n a where
    RemoveElem (x '::: xs) 'Here = xs
    RemoveElem (x '::: xs) ('There later) = x '::: RemoveElem xs later

sRemoveElem :: forall (xs :: Vect ('S n) Nat) (e :: Elem x xs)
    . SElem e
    -> SNatVect xs
    -> SNatVect (RemoveElem xs e)
sRemoveElem prf (SNatCons y ys) = case prf of
    SHere        -> ys
    SThere later -> case ys of
        SNatNil    -> case later of {}
        SNatCons{} -> SNatCons y (sRemoveElem later ys)

有趣的是,这两个版本都不需要将要删除的元素作为单独的参数传递,因为该信息包含在 / 塞勒姆 价值。这个 value removeElem_auto 变量可能有点混乱,因为它将只有向量作为显式参数,如果隐式 prf 参数没有与其他证明一起显式使用。