玩无限懒惰的算术

你可以创建你自己的自然数…

data Nat = Zero | Succ Nat deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)

len :: [a] -> Nat
len = foldr (const Succ) Zero

toLazy :: Int -> Nat
toLazy 0 = Zero
toLazy n = Succ (toLazy (n-1))

a = len [1..] > toLazy 42

那么A是真的,多亏了懒惰的评价。Len使用folder很重要,foldl不适用于无限列表。你也可以做一些算术(没有测试):

instance Num Nat where
   (+) (Succ x) y = Succ (x + y)
   (+) Zero y = y
   (*) Zero y = Zero
   (*) x Zero = Zero
   (*) (Succ x) y = y + (x * y)
   fromInteger = toLazy
   abs = id
   negate = error "Natural only"
   signum Zero = Zero
   signum (Succ x) = Succ Zero

例如,2*Infinity+3是Infinity:

let infinity = Succ infinity

*Main> 2 * infinity + 3
(Succ (Succ (Succ ^cCc (Succ (Succ (SuccInterrupted.

二解

另一种解决方案是使用()列表作为惰性自然数。

len = map (const ())
toLazy n = replicate n () 
a = len [1..] > toLazy 42

检查 Hackage .

编辑:添加实例号。

编辑2:

将第二个解决方案转换为python:

import itertools

def length(x):
    return itertools.imap(lambda: (), x) 

def to_lazy(n):
    return itertools.chain([()] * n)

要添加数字,请使用itertools.chain;要进行乘法,请使用itertools.product。这不像哈斯凯尔那样漂亮,但很管用。

在任何其他带有闭包的严格语言中,您都可以使用类型()->a而不是a来模拟惰性。这样就可以将第一个解决方案从haskell转换为其他语言。然而,这很快就会变得不可读。

也见 a nice article on Python one-liners .

如果不是因为懒惰,我认为这会在F中起作用:

type Nat = Zero | Succ of Nat

let rec toLazy x =
    if x = 0 then Zero
    else Succ(toLazy(x-1))

type Nat with
    static member (+)(x:Nat, y:Nat) =
        match x with
        | Succ(a) -> Succ(a+y)
        | Zero -> y
    static member (*)(x:Nat, y:Nat) =
        match x,y with
        | _, Zero -> Zero
        | Zero, _ -> Zero
        | Succ(a), b -> b + a*b

module NumericLiteralQ =
    let FromZero()          =  toLazy 0
    let FromOne()           =  toLazy 1
    let FromInt32(x:int)    =  toLazy x

let rec len = function
    | [] -> 0Q
    | _::t -> 1Q + len t

printfn "%A" (len [1..42] < 100Q)
printfn "%A" (len [while true do yield 1] < 100Q)

但由于我们需要懒惰,它扩展到:

let eqLazy<'T> (x:Lazy<'T>) (y:Lazy<'T>) : bool =  //'
    let a = x.Force()
    let b = y.Force()
    a = b

type Nat = Zero | Succ of LazyNat
and [<StructuralComparison(false); StructuralEqualityAttribute(false)>]
    LazyNat = LN of Lazy<Nat> with
        override this.GetHashCode() = 0
        override this.Equals(o) =
            match o with
            | :? LazyNat as other -> 
                let (LN(a)) = this
                let (LN(b)) = other
                eqLazy a b
            | _ -> false
        interface System.IComparable with
            member this.CompareTo(o) =
                match o with
                | :? LazyNat as other ->
                    let (LN(a)) = this
                    let (LN(b)) = other
                    match a.Force(),b.Force() with
                    | Zero, Zero   -> 0
                    | Succ _, Zero -> 1
                    | Zero, Succ _ -> -1
                    | Succ(a), Succ(b) -> compare a b
                | _ -> failwith "bad"

let (|Force|) (ln : LazyNat) =
    match ln with LN(x) -> x.Force()

let rec toLazyNat x =
    if x = 0 then LN(lazy Zero)
    else LN(lazy Succ(toLazyNat(x-1)))

type LazyNat with
    static member (+)(((Force x) as lx), ((Force y) as ly)) =
        match x with
        | Succ(a) -> LN(lazy Succ(a+ly))
        | Zero -> lx

module NumericLiteralQ =
    let FromZero()          =  toLazyNat 0
    let FromOne()           =  toLazyNat 1
    let FromInt32(x:int)    =  toLazyNat x

let rec len = function
    | LazyList.Nil -> 0Q
    | LazyList.Cons(_,t) -> LN(lazy Succ(len t))

let shortList = LazyList.of_list [1..42]
let infiniteList = LazyList.of_seq (seq {while true do yield 1})
printfn "%A" (len shortList < 100Q)      // true
printfn "%A" (len infiniteList < 100Q)   // false

这说明为什么人们只在哈斯克尔写这些东西。

你可能可以通过尝试获得超过42个元素来达到你想要的效果。

我不确定我理解你的问题,但让我们试一试。也许你在寻找小溪。我只说二郎语,不属于FP语系,所以…

esn_stream() ->
  fun() -> esn_stream(1) end.

esn_stream(N) ->
  {N*N, fun() -> esn_stream(N+2) end}.

调用流总是返回下一个元素,并且应该调用一个有趣的元素来检索下一个元素。这样你就可以得到懒惰的评价。

然后您可以定义一个比函数长的is-stream为:

is_stream_longer_than(end_of_stream, 0) ->
  false;
is_stream_longer_than(_, 0) ->
  true;
is_stream_longer_than(Stream, N) ->
  {_, NextStream} = Stream(),
  is_stream_longer_than(NextStream, N-1).

结果:

1> e:is_stream_longer_than(e:esn_stream(), 42).
true

2> S0 = e:esn_stream().
#Fun<e.0.6417874>

3> {E1, S1} = S0().
{1,#Fun<e.1.62636971>}
4> {E2, S2} = S1().
{9,#Fun<e.1.62636971>}
5> {E3, S3} = S2().
{25,#Fun<e.1.62636971>}