为图形的Y轴选择有吸引力的线性比例

很久以前,我编写了一个图形模块,很好地涵盖了这一点。挖掘灰色体量可获得以下结果:

• 将范围划分为所需的刻度数。
• 将蜱虫范围四舍五入到合适的数量。
• 相应地调整下限和上限。

15, 234, 140, 65, 90 with 10 ticks

1. 下限=15
2. 上限=234
5. 新下限=25*轮(15/25)=0
6. 新上限=25*轮(1+235/25)=250

所以范围=0,25,50,…,225250

通过以下步骤,您可以获得良好的刻度范围:

1. 除以10^x,使结果介于0.1和1.0之间(包括0.1,不包括1)。
2. • 0.1->0.1
   • <=0.2->0.2
   • <
   • <=0.3->0.3
   • <=0.4->0.4
   • <
   • <
   • <=0.7->0.7
   • <=0.75->0.75
   • <=0.8->0.8
   • <=0.9->0.9
   • <
3. 乘以10^x。

在这种情况下,21.9除以10^2得到0.219。这是<=0.25,我们现在有0.25。乘以10^2等于25。

让我们看一看带有8个刻度的相同示例:

15, 234, 140, 65, 90 with 8 ticks

1. 下限=15
2. 上限=234
3. 范围=234-15=219
4. 刻度范围=27.375
   1. 除以10^2等于0.27375,转换为0.3,即(乘以10^2)30。

下面是实现此算法而不使用查找表等的代码:

double range = ...;
int tickCount = ...;
double unroundedTickSize = range/(tickCount-1);
double x = Math.ceil(Math.log10(unroundedTickSize)-1);
double pow10x = Math.pow(10, x);
double roundedTickRange = Math.ceil(unroundedTickSize / pow10x) * pow10x;
return roundedTickRange;

一般来说,记号数包括底部记号,因此实际的y轴段比记号数少一个。

下面是我正在使用的一个PHP示例。此函数返回包含传入的最小和最大Y值的漂亮Y轴值数组。当然,此例程也可以用于X轴值。

看起来不错的。我添加了一些示例数据,并展示了这些示例的结果。

#!/usr/bin/php -q
<?php

function makeYaxis($yMin, $yMax, $ticks = 10)
{
  // This routine creates the Y axis values for a graph.
  //
  // Calculate Min amd Max graphical labels and graph
  // increments.  The number of ticks defaults to
  // 10 which is the SUGGESTED value.  Any tick value
  // entered is used as a suggested value which is
  // adjusted to be a 'pretty' value.
  //
  // Output will be an array of the Y axis values that
  // encompass the Y values.
  $result = array();
  // If yMin and yMax are identical, then
  // adjust the yMin and yMax values to actually
  // make a graph. Also avoids division by zero errors.
  if($yMin == $yMax)
  {
    $yMin = $yMin - 10;   // some small value
    $yMax = $yMax + 10;   // some small value
  }
  // Determine Range
  $range = $yMax - $yMin;
  // Adjust ticks if needed
  if($ticks < 2)
    $ticks = 2;
  else if($ticks > 2)
    $ticks -= 2;
  // Get raw step value
  $tempStep = $range/$ticks;
  // Calculate pretty step value
  $mag = floor(log10($tempStep));
  $magPow = pow(10,$mag);
  $magMsd = (int)($tempStep/$magPow + 0.5);
  $stepSize = $magMsd*$magPow;

  // build Y label array.
  // Lower and upper bounds calculations
  $lb = $stepSize * floor($yMin/$stepSize);
  $ub = $stepSize * ceil(($yMax/$stepSize));
  // Build array
  $val = $lb;
  while(1)
  {
    $result[] = $val;
    $val += $stepSize;
    if($val > $ub)
      break;
  }
  return $result;
}

// Create some sample data for demonstration purposes
$yMin = 60;
$yMax = 330;
$scale =  makeYaxis($yMin, $yMax);
print_r($scale);

$scale = makeYaxis($yMin, $yMax,5);
print_r($scale);

$yMin = 60847326;
$yMax = 73425330;
$scale =  makeYaxis($yMin, $yMax);
print_r($scale);
?>

样本数据的结果输出

# ./test1.php
Array
(
    [0] => 60
    [1] => 90
    [2] => 120
    [3] => 150
    [4] => 180
    [5] => 210
    [6] => 240
    [7] => 270
    [8] => 300
    [9] => 330
)

Array
(
    [0] => 0
    [1] => 90
    [2] => 180
    [3] => 270
    [4] => 360
)

Array
(
    [0] => 60000000
    [1] => 62000000
    [2] => 64000000
    [3] => 66000000
    [4] => 68000000
    [5] => 70000000
    [6] => 72000000
    [7] => 74000000
)

public static class AxisUtil
{
    public static float CalculateStepSize(float range, float targetSteps)
    {
        // calculate an initial guess at step size
        float tempStep = range/targetSteps;

        // get the magnitude of the step size
        float mag = (float)Math.Floor(Math.Log10(tempStep));
        float magPow = (float)Math.Pow(10, mag);

        // calculate most significant digit of the new step size
        float magMsd = (int)(tempStep/magPow + 0.5);

        // promote the MSD to either 1, 2, or 5
        if (magMsd > 5.0)
            magMsd = 10.0f;
        else if (magMsd > 2.0)
            magMsd = 5.0f;
        else if (magMsd > 1.0)
            magMsd = 2.0f;

        return magMsd*magPow;
    }
}

听起来打电话的人没有告诉你他想要的范围。

因此,您可以自由更改端点,直到它可以很好地被标签计数整除。

1. 2^n, for some integer n. eg. ..., .25, .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
2. 10^n, for some integer n. eg. ..., .01, .1, 1, 10, 100
3. n/5 == 0, for some positive integer n, eg, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...
4. n/2 == 0, for some positive integer n, eg, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ...

查找数据系列的最大值和最小值。让我们把这几点称为:

min_point and max_point.

- start_label, where start_label < min_point and start_label is an integer
- end_label, where end_label > max_point and end_label is an integer
- label_offset, where label_offset is "nice"

这符合方程式:

(end_label - start_label)/label_offset == label_count

可能有很多解决方案,所以就挑一个吧。大多数时候,我打赌你可以设置

start_label to 0

所以试试不同的整数

end_label

直到偏移量“很好”

Gamecat最初的答案似乎大部分时间都有效,但试着插入“3个刻度”作为所需的刻度数(对于相同的数据值15、234、140、65、90)……它似乎给出了73的刻度范围,除以10^2后得到0.73,对应于0.75,这给出了75的“不错”刻度范围。

然后计算上限: 75*圆形(1+234/75)=300

下限是: 75*圆形(15/75)=0

…这无疑是有用的,但它是4个刻度(不包括0)而不是所需的3个刻度。

只是令人沮丧的是,它没有100%的时间工作…这很可能是由于我的错误,当然!

答案是 Toon Krijthe 他大部分时间都在工作。但有时它会产生过多的蜱虫。负数也不行。解决这个问题的总体方法是可以的,但是有更好的方法来处理这个问题。您想要使用的算法将取决于您真正想要得到什么。下面我将向您展示我在JS绘图库中使用的代码。我已经测试过了,而且它总是有效的(希望如此)。以下是主要步骤:

• 获取全局极值xMin和xMax(包括要在算法中打印的所有绘图)
• 计算xMin和xMax之间的范围
• 通过将范围除以记号数减1来计算记号大小
• 这个是可选的。如果要始终打印零刻度,请使用刻度大小来计算正刻度和负刻度的数量。勾号总数将为其总和+1(零勾号)
• 如果一直打印零刻度,则不需要此选项。计算下限和上限,但记住将绘图居中

让我们开始吧。首先是基本计算

    var range = Math.abs(xMax - xMin); //both can be negative
    var rangeOrder = Math.floor(Math.log10(range)) - 1; 
    var power10 = Math.pow(10, rangeOrder);
    var maxRound = (xMax > 0) ? Math.ceil(xMax / power10) : Math.floor(xMax / power10);
    var minRound = (xMin < 0) ? Math.floor(xMin / power10) : Math.ceil(xMin / power10);

    var fullRange = Math.abs(maxRound - minRound);
    var tickSize = Math.ceil(fullRange / (this.XTickCount - 1));

    //You can set nice looking ticks if you want
    //You can find exemplary method below 
    tickSize = this.NiceLookingTick(tickSize);

    //Here you can write a method to determine if you need zero tick
    //You can find exemplary method below
    var isZeroNeeded = this.HasZeroTick(maxRound, minRound, tickSize);

我使用“好看的蜱虫”来避免像7、13、17等蜱虫。我在这里使用的方法非常简单。在需要时使用zeroTick也很好。这样的情节看起来更专业。你会在这个答案的末尾找到所有的方法。

现在你必须计算上界和下界。这对于零滴答非常容易,但在其他情况下需要更多的努力。为什么?因为我们想把图的中心放在上限和下限之间。看看我的代码。有些变量是在这个范围之外定义的,有些变量是保存整个代码的对象的属性。

    if (isZeroNeeded) {

        var positiveTicksCount = 0;
        var negativeTickCount = 0;

        if (maxRound != 0) {

            positiveTicksCount = Math.ceil(maxRound / tickSize);
            XUpperBound = tickSize * positiveTicksCount * power10;
        }

        if (minRound != 0) {
            negativeTickCount = Math.floor(minRound / tickSize);
            XLowerBound = tickSize * negativeTickCount * power10;
        }

        XTickRange = tickSize * power10;
        this.XTickCount = positiveTicksCount - negativeTickCount + 1;
    }
    else {
        var delta = (tickSize * (this.XTickCount - 1) - fullRange) / 2.0;

        if (delta % 1 == 0) {
            XUpperBound = maxRound + delta;
            XLowerBound = minRound - delta;
        }
        else {
            XUpperBound =  maxRound + Math.ceil(delta);
            XLowerBound =  minRound - Math.floor(delta);
        }

        XTickRange = tickSize * power10;
        XUpperBound = XUpperBound * power10;
        XLowerBound = XLowerBound * power10;
    }

this.NiceLookingTick = function (tickSize) {

    var NiceArray = [1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 10];

    var tickOrder = Math.floor(Math.log10(tickSize));
    var power10 = Math.pow(10, tickOrder);
    tickSize = tickSize / power10;

    var niceTick;
    var minDistance = 10;
    var index = 0;

    for (var i = 0; i < NiceArray.length; i++) {
        var dist = Math.abs(NiceArray[i] - tickSize);
        if (dist < minDistance) {
            minDistance = dist;
            index = i;
        }
    }

    return NiceArray[index] * power10;
}

this.HasZeroTick = function (maxRound, minRound, tickSize) {

    if (maxRound * minRound < 0)
    {
        return true;
    }
    else if (Math.abs(maxRound) < tickSize || Math.round(minRound) < tickSize) {

        return true;
    }
    else {

        return false;
    }
}

干杯

转换这个 answer 像 斯威夫特4

extension Int {

    static func makeYaxis(yMin: Int, yMax: Int, ticks: Int = 10) -> [Int] {
        var yMin = yMin
        var yMax = yMax
        var ticks = ticks
        // This routine creates the Y axis values for a graph.
        //
        // Calculate Min amd Max graphical labels and graph
        // increments.  The number of ticks defaults to
        // 10 which is the SUGGESTED value.  Any tick value
        // entered is used as a suggested value which is
        // adjusted to be a 'pretty' value.
        //
        // Output will be an array of the Y axis values that
        // encompass the Y values.
        var result = [Int]()
        // If yMin and yMax are identical, then
        // adjust the yMin and yMax values to actually
        // make a graph. Also avoids division by zero errors.
        if yMin == yMax {
            yMin -= ticks   // some small value
            yMax += ticks   // some small value
        }
        // Determine Range
        let range = yMax - yMin
        // Adjust ticks if needed
        if ticks < 2 { ticks = 2 }
        else if ticks > 2 { ticks -= 2 }

        // Get raw step value
        let tempStep: CGFloat = CGFloat(range) / CGFloat(ticks)
        // Calculate pretty step value
        let mag = floor(log10(tempStep))
        let magPow = pow(10,mag)
        let magMsd = Int(tempStep / magPow + 0.5)
        let stepSize = magMsd * Int(magPow)

        // build Y label array.
        // Lower and upper bounds calculations
        let lb = stepSize * Int(yMin/stepSize)
        let ub = stepSize * Int(ceil(CGFloat(yMax)/CGFloat(stepSize)))
        // Build array
        var val = lb
        while true {
            result.append(val)
            val += stepSize
            if val > ub { break }
        }
        return result
    }

}

如果你想要10步+0,这就像一个符咒

//get proper scale for y
$maximoyi_temp= max($institucion); //get max value from data array
 for ($i=10; $i< $maximoyi_temp; $i=($i*10)) {   
    if (($divisor = ($maximoyi_temp / $i)) < 2) break; //get which divisor will give a number between 1-2    
 } 
 $factor_d = $maximoyi_temp / $i;
 $factor_d = ceil($factor_d); //round up number to 2
 $maximoyi = $factor_d * $i; //get new max value for y
 if ( ($maximoyi/ $maximoyi_temp) > 2) $maximoyi = $maximoyi /2; //check if max value is too big, then split by 2

var min=52;
var max=173;
var actualHeight=500; // 500 pixels high graph

var tickCount =Math.round(actualHeight/100); 
// we want lines about every 100 pixels.

if(tickCount <3) tickCount =3; 
var range=Math.abs(max-min);
var unroundedTickSize = range/(tickCount-1);
var x = Math.ceil(Math.log10(unroundedTickSize)-1);
var pow10x = Math.pow(10, x);
var roundedTickRange = Math.ceil(unroundedTickSize / pow10x) * pow10x;
var min_rounded=roundedTickRange * Math.floor(min/roundedTickRange);
var max_rounded= roundedTickRange * Math.ceil(max/roundedTickRange);
var nr=tickCount;
var str="";
for(var x=min_rounded;x<=max_rounded;x+=roundedTickRange)
{
    str+=x+", ";
}
console.log("nice Y axis "+str);    

此解决方案基于 Java example 我找到了。

const niceScale = ( minPoint, maxPoint, maxTicks) => {
    const niceNum = ( localRange,  round) => {
        var exponent,fraction,niceFraction;
        exponent = Math.floor(Math.log10(localRange));
        fraction = localRange / Math.pow(10, exponent);
        if (round) {
            if (fraction < 1.5) niceFraction = 1;
            else if (fraction < 3) niceFraction = 2;
            else if (fraction < 7) niceFraction = 5;
            else niceFraction = 10;
        } else {
            if (fraction <= 1) niceFraction = 1;
            else if (fraction <= 2) niceFraction = 2;
            else if (fraction <= 5) niceFraction = 5;
            else niceFraction = 10;
        }
        return niceFraction * Math.pow(10, exponent);
    }
    const result = [];
    const range = niceNum(maxPoint - minPoint, false);
    const stepSize = niceNum(range / (maxTicks - 1), true);
    const lBound = Math.floor(minPoint / stepSize) * stepSize;
    const uBound = Math.ceil(maxPoint / stepSize) * stepSize;
    for(let i=lBound;i<=uBound;i+=stepSize) result.push(i);
    return result;
};
console.log(niceScale(15,234,6));
// > [0, 100, 200, 300]

谢谢你的提问和回答,非常有帮助。Gamecat,我想知道你是如何决定滴答声范围应该四舍五入到什么程度的。

要在算法上做到这一点,就必须在上面的算法中添加逻辑,以便对较大的数字进行良好的缩放?

你怎么认为?

public struct Interval
{
    public readonly double Min, Max, TickRange;

    public static Interval Find(double min, double max, int tickCount, double padding = 0.05)
    {
        double range = max - min;
        max += range*padding;
        min -= range*padding;

        var attempts = new List<Interval>();
        for (int i = tickCount; i > tickCount / 2; --i)
            attempts.Add(new Interval(min, max, i));

        return attempts.MinBy(a => a.Max - a.Min);
    }

    private Interval(double min, double max, int tickCount)
    {
        var candidates = (min <= 0 && max >= 0 && tickCount <= 8) ? new[] {2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10} : new[] {2, 2.5, 5, 10};

        double unroundedTickSize = (max - min) / (tickCount - 1);
        double x = Math.Ceiling(Math.Log10(unroundedTickSize) - 1);
        double pow10X = Math.Pow(10, x);
        TickRange = RoundUp(unroundedTickSize/pow10X, candidates) * pow10X;
        Min = TickRange * Math.Floor(min / TickRange);
        Max = TickRange * Math.Ceiling(max / TickRange);
    }

    // 1 < scaled <= 10
    private static double RoundUp(double scaled, IEnumerable<double> candidates)
    {
        return candidates.First(candidate => scaled <= candidate);
    }
}

上述算法没有考虑最小值和最大值之间的范围太小的情况。如果这些值远远高于零呢?然后,我们有可能以大于零的值开始y轴。此外,为了避免我们的线条完全位于图表的上方或下方,我们必须给它一些“呼吸的空气”。

为了涵盖这些情况,我(在PHP上)编写了上述代码:

function calculateStartingPoint($min, $ticks, $times, $scale) {

    $starting_point = $min - floor((($ticks - $times) * $scale)/2);

    if ($starting_point < 0) {
        $starting_point = 0;
    } else {
        $starting_point = floor($starting_point / $scale) * $scale;
        $starting_point = ceil($starting_point / $scale) * $scale;
        $starting_point = round($starting_point / $scale) * $scale;
    }
    return $starting_point;
}

function calculateYaxis($min, $max, $ticks = 7)
{
    print "Min = " . $min . "\n";
    print "Max = " . $max . "\n";

    $range = $max - $min;
    $step = floor($range/$ticks);
    print "First step is " . $step . "\n";
    $available_steps = array(5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500);
    $distance = 1000;
    $scale = 0;

    foreach ($available_steps as $i) {
        if (($i - $step < $distance) && ($i - $step > 0)) {
            $distance = $i - $step;
            $scale = $i;
        }
    }

    print "Final scale step is " . $scale . "\n";

    $times = floor($range/$scale);
    print "range/scale = " . $times . "\n";

    print "floor(times/2) = " . floor($times/2) . "\n";

    $starting_point = calculateStartingPoint($min, $ticks, $times, $scale);

    if ($starting_point + ($ticks * $scale) < $max) {
        $ticks += 1;
    }

    print "starting_point = " . $starting_point . "\n";

    // result calculation
    $result = [];
    for ($x = 0; $x <= $ticks; $x++) {
        $result[] = $starting_point + ($x * $scale);
    }
    return $result;
}

演示 accepted answer

function tickEvery(range, ticks) {
  return Math.ceil((range / ticks) / Math.pow(10, Math.ceil(Math.log10(range / ticks) - 1))) * Math.pow(10, Math.ceil(Math.log10(range / ticks) - 1));
}

function update() {
  const range = document.querySelector("#range").value;
  const ticks = document.querySelector("#ticks").value;
  const result = tickEvery(range, ticks);
  document.querySelector("#result").textContent = `With range ${range} and ${ticks} ticks, tick every ${result} for a total of ${Math.ceil(range / result)} ticks at ${new Array(Math.ceil(range / result)).fill(0).map((v, n) => Math.round(n * result)).join(", ")}`;
}

update();

<input id="range" min="1" max="10000" oninput="update()" style="width:100%" type="range" value="5000" width="40" />
<br/>
<input id="ticks" min="1" max="20" oninput="update()" type="range" style="width:100%" value="10" />
<p id="result" style="font-family:sans-serif"></p>