用概率分布生成随机数

Look at distributions used in reliability analysis - they tend to have these long tails. A relatively simply possibility is the Weibull distribution with P(X>x)=exp[-(x/b)^a].

将您的值拟合为p(x>1)=0.1和p(x>10)=0.005,我得到a=0.36和b=0.1。这意味着p(x>40)*10000=1.6,这有点低,但p(x>70)*10000=0.2这是合理的。

编辑 为了从一个统一的(0,1)值u生成一个威布尔分布随机变量,只需计算b*[-log(1-u)]^(1/a)。这是1-p(x>x)的逆函数,以防我计算错误。

几年前为php4编写的,只需选择您的发行版:

<?php

define( 'RandomGaussian',           'gaussian' ) ;          //  gaussianWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomBell',               'bell' ) ;              //  bellWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomGaussianRising',     'gaussianRising' ) ;    //  gaussianWeightedRisingRandom()
define( 'RandomGaussianFalling',    'gaussianFalling' ) ;   //  gaussianWeightedFallingRandom()
define( 'RandomGamma',              'gamma' ) ;             //  gammaWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomGammaQaD',           'gammaQaD' ) ;          //  QaDgammaWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomLogarithmic10',      'log10' ) ;             //  logarithmic10WeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomLogarithmic',        'log' ) ;               //  logarithmicWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomPoisson',            'poisson' ) ;           //  poissonWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomDome',               'dome' ) ;              //  domeWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomSaw',                'saw' ) ;               //  sawWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomPyramid',            'pyramid' ) ;           //  pyramidWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomLinear',             'linear' ) ;            //  linearWeightedRandom()
define( 'RandomUnweighted',         'non' ) ;               //  nonWeightedRandom()



function mkseed()
{
    srand(hexdec(substr(md5(microtime()), -8)) & 0x7fffffff) ;
}   //  function mkseed()




/*
function factorial($in) {
    if ($in == 1) {
        return $in ;
    }
    return ($in * factorial($in - 1.0)) ;
}   //  function factorial()


function factorial($in) {
    $out = 1 ;
    for ($i = 2; $i <= $in; $i++) {
        $out *= $i ;
    }

    return $out ;
}   //  function factorial()
*/




function random_0_1()
{
    //  returns random number using mt_rand() with a flat distribution from 0 to 1 inclusive
    //
    return (float) mt_rand() / (float) mt_getrandmax() ;
}   //  random_0_1()


function random_PN()
{
    //  returns random number using mt_rand() with a flat distribution from -1 to 1 inclusive
    //
    return (2.0 * random_0_1()) - 1.0 ;
}   //  function random_PN()




function gauss()
{
    static $useExists = false ;
    static $useValue ;

    if ($useExists) {
        //  Use value from a previous call to this function
        //
        $useExists = false ;
        return $useValue ;
    } else {
        //  Polar form of the Box-Muller transformation
        //
        $w = 2.0 ;
        while (($w >= 1.0) || ($w == 0.0)) {
            $x = random_PN() ;
            $y = random_PN() ;
            $w = ($x * $x) + ($y * $y) ;
        }
        $w = sqrt((-2.0 * log($w)) / $w) ;

        //  Set value for next call to this function
        //
        $useValue = $y * $w ;
        $useExists = true ;

        return $x * $w ;
    }
}   //  function gauss()


function gauss_ms( $mean,
                   $stddev )
{
    //  Adjust our gaussian random to fit the mean and standard deviation
    //  The division by 4 is an arbitrary value to help fit the distribution
    //      within our required range, and gives a best fit for $stddev = 1.0
    //
    return gauss() * ($stddev/4) + $mean;
}   //  function gauss_ms()


function gaussianWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                                 $maxRand,
                                 $mean=0.0,
                                 $stddev=2.0 )
{
    //  Adjust a gaussian random value to fit within our specified range
    //      by 'trimming' the extreme values as the distribution curve
    //      approaches +/- infinity
    $rand_val = $LowValue + $maxRand ;
    while (($rand_val < $LowValue) || ($rand_val >= ($LowValue + $maxRand))) {
        $rand_val = floor(gauss_ms($mean,$stddev) * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
        $rand_val = ($rand_val + $maxRand) / 2 ;
    }

    return $rand_val ;
}   //  function gaussianWeightedRandom()


function bellWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                             $maxRand )
{
    return gaussianWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand, 0.0, 1.0 ) ;
}   //  function bellWeightedRandom()


function gaussianWeightedRisingRandom( $LowValue,
                                       $maxRand )
{
    //  Adjust a gaussian random value to fit within our specified range
    //      by 'trimming' the extreme values as the distribution curve
    //      approaches +/- infinity
    //  The division by 4 is an arbitrary value to help fit the distribution
    //      within our required range
    $rand_val = $LowValue + $maxRand ;
    while (($rand_val < $LowValue) || ($rand_val >= ($LowValue + $maxRand))) {
        $rand_val = $maxRand - round((abs(gauss()) / 4) * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
    }

    return $rand_val ;
}   //  function gaussianWeightedRisingRandom()


function gaussianWeightedFallingRandom( $LowValue,
                                        $maxRand )
{
    //  Adjust a gaussian random value to fit within our specified range
    //      by 'trimming' the extreme values as the distribution curve
    //      approaches +/- infinity
    //  The division by 4 is an arbitrary value to help fit the distribution
    //      within our required range
    $rand_val = $LowValue + $maxRand ;
    while (($rand_val < $LowValue) || ($rand_val >= ($LowValue + $maxRand))) {
        $rand_val = floor((abs(gauss()) / 4) * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
    }

    return $rand_val ;
}   //  function gaussianWeightedFallingRandom()


function logarithmic($mean=1.0, $lambda=5.0)
{
    return ($mean * -log(random_0_1())) / $lambda ;
}   //  function logarithmic()


function logarithmicWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                                    $maxRand )
{
    do {
        $rand_val = logarithmic() ;
    } while ($rand_val > 1) ;

    return floor($rand_val * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function logarithmicWeightedRandom()


function logarithmic10( $lambda=0.5 )
{
    return abs(-log10(random_0_1()) / $lambda) ;
}   //  function logarithmic10()


function logarithmic10WeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                                      $maxRand )
{
    do {
        $rand_val = logarithmic10() ;
    } while ($rand_val > 1) ;

    return floor($rand_val * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function logarithmic10WeightedRandom()


function gamma( $lambda=3.0 )
{
    $wLambda = $lambda + 1.0 ;
    if ($lambda <= 8.0) {
        //  Use direct method, adding waiting times
        $x = 1.0 ;
        for ($j = 1; $j <= $wLambda; $j++) {
            $x *= random_0_1() ;
        }
        $x = -log($x) ;
    } else {
        //  Use rejection method
        do {
            do {
                //  Generate the tangent of a random angle, the equivalent of
                //      $y = tan(pi * random_0_1())
                do {
                    $v1 = random_0_1() ;
                    $v2 = random_PN() ;
                } while (($v1 * $v1 + $v2 * $v2) > 1.0) ;
                $y = $v2 / $v1 ;
                $s = sqrt(2.0 * $lambda + 1.0) ;
                $x = $s * $y + $lambda ;
            //  Reject in the region of zero probability
            } while ($x <= 0.0) ;
            //  Ratio of probability function to comparison function
            $e = (1.0 + $y * $y) * exp($lambda * log($x / $lambda) - $s * $y) ;
        //  Reject on the basis of a second uniform deviate
        } while (random_0_1() > $e) ;
    }

    return $x ;
}   //  function gamma()


function gammaWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                              $maxRand )
{
    do {
        $rand_val = gamma() / 12 ;
    } while ($rand_val > 1) ;

    return floor($rand_val * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function gammaWeightedRandom()


function QaDgammaWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                                 $maxRand )
{
    return round((asin(random_0_1()) + (asin(random_0_1()))) * $maxRand / pi()) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function QaDgammaWeightedRandom()


function gammaln($in)
{
    $tmp = $in + 4.5 ;
    $tmp -= ($in - 0.5) * log($tmp) ;

    $ser = 1.000000000190015
            + (76.18009172947146 / $in)
            - (86.50532032941677 / ($in + 1.0))
            + (24.01409824083091 / ($in + 2.0))
            - (1.231739572450155 / ($in + 3.0))
            + (0.1208650973866179e-2 / ($in + 4.0))
            - (0.5395239384953e-5 / ($in + 5.0)) ;

    return (log(2.5066282746310005 * $ser) - $tmp) ;
}   //  function gammaln()


function poisson( $lambda=1.0 )
{
    static $oldLambda ;
    static $g, $sq, $alxm ;

    if ($lambda <= 12.0) {
        //  Use direct method
        if ($lambda <> $oldLambda) {
            $oldLambda = $lambda ;
            $g = exp(-$lambda) ;
        }
        $x = -1 ;
        $t = 1.0 ;
        do {
            ++$x ;
            $t *= random_0_1() ;
        } while ($t > $g) ;
    } else {
        //  Use rejection method
        if ($lambda <> $oldLambda) {
            $oldLambda = $lambda ;
            $sq = sqrt(2.0 * $lambda) ;
            $alxm = log($lambda) ;
            $g = $lambda * $alxm - gammaln($lambda + 1.0) ;
        }
        do {
            do {
                //  $y is a deviate from a Lorentzian comparison function
                $y = tan(pi() * random_0_1()) ;
                $x = $sq * $y + $lambda ;
            //  Reject if close to zero probability
            } while ($x < 0.0) ;
            $x = floor($x) ;
            //  Ratio of the desired distribution to the comparison function
            //  We accept or reject by comparing it to another uniform deviate
            //  The factor 0.9 is used so that $t never exceeds 1
            $t = 0.9 * (1.0 + $y * $y) * exp($x * $alxm - gammaln($x + 1.0) - $g) ;
        } while (random_0_1() > $t) ;
    }

    return $x ;
}   //  function poisson()


function poissonWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                                $maxRand )
{
    do {
        $rand_val = poisson() / $maxRand ;
    } while ($rand_val > 1) ;

    return floor($x * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function poissonWeightedRandom()


function binomial( $lambda=6.0 )
{
}


function domeWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                             $maxRand )
{
    return floor(sin(random_0_1() * (pi() / 2)) * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function bellWeightedRandom()


function sawWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                            $maxRand )
{
    return floor((atan(random_0_1()) + atan(random_0_1())) * $maxRand / (pi()/2)) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function sawWeightedRandom()


function pyramidWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                               $maxRand )
{
    return floor((random_0_1() + random_0_1()) / 2 * $maxRand) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function pyramidWeightedRandom()


function linearWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                               $maxRand )
{
    return floor(random_0_1() * ($maxRand)) + $LowValue ;
}   //  function linearWeightedRandom()


function nonWeightedRandom( $LowValue,
                            $maxRand )
{
    return rand($LowValue,$maxRand+$LowValue-1) ;
}   //  function nonWeightedRandom()




function weightedRandom( $Method,
                         $LowValue,
                         $maxRand )
{
    switch($Method) {
        case RandomGaussian         :
            $rVal = gaussianWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomBell             :
            $rVal = bellWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomGaussianRising   :
            $rVal = gaussianWeightedRisingRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomGaussianFalling  :
            $rVal = gaussianWeightedFallingRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomGamma            :
            $rVal = gammaWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomGammaQaD         :
            $rVal = QaDgammaWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomLogarithmic10    :
            $rVal = logarithmic10WeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomLogarithmic      :
            $rVal = logarithmicWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomPoisson          :
            $rVal = poissonWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomDome             :
            $rVal = domeWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomSaw              :
            $rVal = sawWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomPyramid          :
            $rVal = pyramidWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        case RandomLinear           :
            $rVal = linearWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
        default                     :
            $rVal = nonWeightedRandom( $LowValue, $maxRand ) ;
            break ;
    }

    return $rVal;
}

?>

按照给定分布生成随机数的最简单(但不是非常有效)方法是一种称为 Von Neumann Rejection .

对这项技术的简单解释就是这样。创建一个完全封闭分发内容的框。(让我们呼叫您的分发 f )然后选择一个随机点 (x,y) 盒子里。如果 y < f(x) 然后使用 x 作为随机数。如果 y > f(x) ,然后丢弃两者 X 和 y 再选一个点。继续,直到有足够的值可供使用。价值观 X 如果您不拒绝,将根据 f .

这种幼稚的做法很可能会以我目前看不到的方式扭曲分布。其思想是简单地迭代第一个数据集,排序并成对。然后在每对之间随机化15个新数字,得到新的数组。

Ruby示例,因为我不会说太多PHP。希望这样一个简单的想法应该很容易翻译成PHP。

numbers=[0.1,0.1,0.12,0.13,0.15,0.17,0.3,0.4,0.42,0.6,1,3,5,7,13,19,27,42,69]
more_numbers=[]
numbers.each_cons(2) { |a,b| 15.times { more_numbers << a+rand()*(b-a) } }
more_numbers.sort!