我不认为有一个通用的答案。。。所以我会给你我的2美分关于你的变种。。。
您的第一个变体有一个其他变体所没有的好处,即您不会将给定的对象用于设计它们的其他用途(即仅用于端点或后端),但是这可能会导致繁琐的开发。
第二个变体很好,但可能会导致其他一些开发错误,例如,当您认为您使用了实际的
A
但你在做DTO手术。
即使它只有DTO的所有属性。
所以。。。如果你想走一条安全的路线,也就是说,任何人都不应该将这个对象用于任何其他用途,那么它的特定用途你可能应该使用第一个变体。4听起来像黑客。2&3可能还可以。因为你实际上没有
mandatoryProperty
当你用它做数据的时候。。。
不过,由于您有您最喜欢的(2),我也有一个,所以我将集中讨论2&3,从2开始,使用带有
sealed class
作为父类型:
sealed class AbstractA {
// just some properties for demo purposes
lateinit var sharedResettable: String
abstract val sharedReadonly: String
}
data class A(
val mandatoryProperty: Long = 0,
override val sharedReadonly: String
// we deliberately do not override the sharedResettable here... also for demo purposes only
) : AbstractA()
data class ADTO(
// this has no mandatoryProperty
override val sharedReadonly: String
) : AbstractA()
一些演示代码,演示用法:
// just some random setup:
val a = A(123, "from backend").apply { sharedResettable = "i am from backend" }
val dto = ADTO("from dto").apply { sharedResettable = "i am dto" }
listOf(a, dto).forEach { anA ->
// somewhere receiving an A... we do not know what it is exactly... it's just an AbstractA
val param: AbstractA = anA
println("Starting with: $param sharedResettable=${param.sharedResettable}")
// set something on it... we do not mind yet, what it is exactly...
param.sharedResettable = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
// now we want to store it... but wait... did we have an A here? or a newly created DTO?
// lets check: (demo purpose again)
when (param) {
is ADTO -> store(param) // which now returns an A
is A -> update(param) // maybe updated also our A so a current A is returned
}.also { certainlyA ->
println("After saving/updating: $certainlyA sharedResettable=${certainlyA.sharedResettable /* this was deliberately not part of the data class toString() */}")
}
}
// assume the following signature for store & update:
fun <T> update(param : T) : T
fun store(a : AbstractA) : A
样本输出:
Starting with: A(mandatoryProperty=123, sharedReadonly=from backend) sharedResettable=i am from backend
After saving/updating: A(mandatoryProperty=123, sharedReadonly=from backend) sharedResettable=ef7a3dc0-a4ac-47f0-8a73-0ca0ef5069fa
Starting with: ADTO(sharedReadonly=from dto) sharedResettable=i am dto
After saving/updating: A(mandatoryProperty=127, sharedReadonly=from dto) sharedResettable=57b8b3a7-fe03-4b16-9ec7-742f292b5786
我还没给你看丑陋的部分,但你自己已经提到了。。。你如何改变你的生活
ADTO
维切弗萨呢?我将由你决定。这里有几种方法(手动、使用反射或映射实用程序等)。
这个变体将所有特定于DTO的属性和非特定于DTO的属性清晰地分开。但是,它也会导致冗余代码(所有
override
像3这样的东西可能更容易设置和维护(关于
data class
如果你正确地设置了边界,当有一个
null
在那里,不在的时候。。。所以也要展示这个例子。首先从一个相当恼人的变量开始(恼人的是,如果还没有设置变量,当您尝试访问该变量时,它会抛出一个异常),但至少您有空闲时间
!!
或
无效的
-此处检查:
data class B(
val sharedOnly : String,
var sharedResettable : String
) {
// why nullable? Let it hurt ;-)
lateinit var mandatoryProperty: ID // ok... Long is not usable with lateinit... that's why there is this ID instead
}
data class ID(val id : Long)
演示:
val b = B("backend", "resettable")
// println(newB.mandatoryProperty) // uh oh... this hurts now... UninitializedPropertyAccessException on the way
val newB = store(b)
println(newB.mandatoryProperty) // that's now fine...
但是:尽管
将抛出一个
Exception
在屏幕上看不到
toString
如果您需要检查它是否已经初始化(即使用
::mandatoryProperty::isInitialized
).
所以我给你看另一个变种(同时我最喜欢的,但是。。。使用
无效的
):
data class C(val mandatoryProperty: Long?,
val sharedOnly : String,
var sharedResettable : String) {
// this is our DTO constructor:
constructor(sharedOnly: String, sharedResettable: String) : this(null, sharedOnly, sharedResettable)
fun hasID() = mandatoryProperty != null // or isDTO, etc. what you like/need
}
// note: you could extract the val and the method also in its own interface... then you would use an override on the mandatoryProperty above instead
// here is what such an interface may look like:
interface HasID {
val mandatoryProperty: Long?
fun hasID() = mandatoryProperty != null // or isDTO, etc. what you like/need
}
val c = C("dto", "resettable") // C(mandatoryProperty=null, sharedOnly=dto, sharedResettable=resettable)
when {
c.hasID() -> update(c)
else -> store(c)
}.also {newC ->
// from now on you should know that you are actually dealing with an object that has everything in place...
println("$newC") // prints: C(mandatoryProperty=123, sharedOnly=dto, sharedResettable=resettable)
}
最后一个有好处,你可以使用
copy
-方法,例如:
val myNewObj = c.copy(mandatoryProperty = 123) // well, you probably don't do that yourself...
// but the following might rather be a valid case:
val myNewDTO = c.copy(mandatoryProperty = null)
最后一个是我最喜欢的,因为它需要最少的代码和使用
val
强制性财产
如果你不喜欢用
?
!!
,例如。
fun getMandatoryProperty() = mandatoryProperty ?: throw Exception("You didn't set it!")
hasID
(
isDTO
或者随便什么)从上下文中也可以清楚地知道你到底在做什么。最重要的可能是建立一个每个人都能理解的惯例,这样他们就知道什么时候应用什么或者什么时候期望某个特定的东西。