如何从扁平结构中有效地构建一棵树?

将对象的ID存储在映射到特定对象的哈希表中。枚举所有对象,找到它们的父对象(如果存在),并相应地更新它的父指针。

class MyObject
{ // The actual object
    public int ParentID { get; set; }
    public int ID { get; set; }
}

class Node
{
    public List<Node> Children = new List<Node>();
    public Node Parent { get; set; }
    public MyObject AssociatedObject { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Node> BuildTreeAndGetRoots(List<MyObject> actualObjects)
{
    Dictionary<int, Node> lookup = new Dictionary<int, Node>();
    actualObjects.ForEach(x => lookup.Add(x.ID, new Node { AssociatedObject = x }));
    foreach (var item in lookup.Values) {
        Node proposedParent;
        if (lookup.TryGetValue(item.AssociatedObject.ParentID, out proposedParent)) {
            item.Parent = proposedParent;
            proposedParent.Children.Add(item);
        }
    }
    return lookup.Values.Where(x => x.Parent == null);
}

根据梅尔达德阿夫沙里的回答和安德鲁·汉伦关于加速的评论,这是我的看法。

与原始任务的重要区别:根节点的id==parentid。

class MyObject
{   // The actual object
    public int ParentID { get; set; }
    public int ID { get; set; }
}

class Node
{
    public List<Node> Children = new List<Node>();
    public Node Parent { get; set; }
    public MyObject Source { get; set; }
}

List<Node> BuildTreeAndGetRoots(List<MyObject> actualObjects)
{
    var lookup = new Dictionary<int, Node>();
    var rootNodes = new List<Node>();

    foreach (var item in actualObjects)
    {
        // add us to lookup
        Node ourNode;
        if (lookup.TryGetValue(item.ID, out ourNode))
        {   // was already found as a parent - register the actual object
            ourNode.Source = item;
        }
        else
        {
            ourNode = new Node() { Source = item };
            lookup.Add(item.ID, ourNode);
        }

        // hook into parent
        if (item.ParentID == item.ID)
        {   // is a root node
            rootNodes.Add(ourNode);
        }
        else
        {   // is a child row - so we have a parent
            Node parentNode;
            if (!lookup.TryGetValue(item.ParentID, out parentNode))
            {   // unknown parent, construct preliminary parent
                parentNode = new Node();
                lookup.Add(item.ParentID, parentNode);
            }
            parentNode.Children.Add(ourNode);
            ourNode.Parent = parentNode;
        }
    }

    return rootNodes;
}

下面是一个简单的javascript算法,用于将一个平面表解析为n次运行的父/子树结构:

var table = [
    {parent_id: 0, id: 1, children: []},
    {parent_id: 0, id: 2, children: []},
    {parent_id: 0, id: 3, children: []},
    {parent_id: 1, id: 4, children: []},
    {parent_id: 1, id: 5, children: []},
    {parent_id: 1, id: 6, children: []},
    {parent_id: 2, id: 7, children: []},
    {parent_id: 7, id: 8, children: []},
    {parent_id: 8, id: 9, children: []},
    {parent_id: 3, id: 10, children: []}
];

var root = {id:0, parent_id: null, children: []};
var node_list = { 0 : root};

for (var i = 0; i < table.length; i++) {
    node_list[table[i].id] = table[i];
    node_list[table[i].parent_id].children.push(node_list[table[i].id]);
}

console.log(root);

Python溶液

def subtree(node, relationships):
    return {
        v: subtree(v, relationships) 
        for v in [x[0] for x in relationships if x[1] == node]
    }

例如:

# (child, parent) pairs where -1 means no parent    
flat_tree = [
     (1, -1),
     (4, 1),
     (10, 4),
     (11, 4),
     (16, 11),
     (17, 11),
     (24, 17),
     (25, 17),
     (5, 1),
     (8, 5),
     (9, 5),
     (7, 9),
     (12, 9),
     (22, 12),
     (23, 12),
     (2, 23),
     (26, 23),
     (27, 23),
     (20, 9),
     (21, 9)
    ]

subtree(-1, flat_tree)

生产:

{
    "1": {
        "4": {
            "10": {}, 
            "11": {
                "16": {}, 
                "17": {
                    "24": {}, 
                    "25": {}
                }
            }
        }, 
        "5": {
            "8": {}, 
            "9": {
                "20": {}, 
                "12": {
                    "22": {}, 
                    "23": {
                        "2": {}, 
                        "27": {}, 
                        "26": {}
                    }
                }, 
                "21": {}, 
                "7": {}
            }
        }
    }
}

JS版本,返回一个根或一个根数组,每个根数组都将具有包含相关子数组的子数组属性。不依赖有序的输入,适当地压缩,并且不使用递归。享受!

// creates a tree from a flat set of hierarchically related data
var MiracleGrow = function(treeData, key, parentKey)
{
    var keys = [];
    treeData.map(function(x){
        x.Children = [];
        keys.push(x[key]);
    });
    var roots = treeData.filter(function(x){return keys.indexOf(x[parentKey])==-1});
    var nodes = [];
    roots.map(function(x){nodes.push(x)});
    while(nodes.length > 0)
    {

        var node = nodes.pop();
        var children =  treeData.filter(function(x){return x[parentKey] == node[key]});
        children.map(function(x){
            node.Children.push(x);
            nodes.push(x)
        });
    }
    if (roots.length==1) return roots[0];
    return roots;
}


// demo/test data
var treeData = [

    {id:9, name:'Led Zep', parent:null},
    {id:10, name:'Jimmy', parent:9},
    {id:11, name:'Robert', parent:9},
    {id:12, name:'John', parent:9},

    {id:8, name:'Elec Gtr Strings', parent:5},
    {id:1, name:'Rush', parent:null},
    {id:2, name:'Alex', parent:1},
    {id:3, name:'Geddy', parent:1},
    {id:4, name:'Neil', parent:1},
    {id:5, name:'Gibson Les Paul', parent:2},
    {id:6, name:'Pearl Kit', parent:4},
    {id:7, name:'Rickenbacker', parent:3},

    {id:100, name:'Santa', parent:99},
    {id:101, name:'Elf', parent:100},

];
var root = MiracleGrow(treeData, "id", "parent")
console.log(root)

在这里找到了一个很棒的javascript版本: http://oskarhane.com/create-a-nested-array-recursively-in-javascript/

假设您有这样的数组:

const models = [
    {id: 1, title: 'hello', parent: 0},
    {id: 2, title: 'hello', parent: 0},
    {id: 3, title: 'hello', parent: 1},
    {id: 4, title: 'hello', parent: 3},
    {id: 5, title: 'hello', parent: 4},
    {id: 6, title: 'hello', parent: 4},
    {id: 7, title: 'hello', parent: 3},
    {id: 8, title: 'hello', parent: 2}
];

您希望像这样嵌套对象:

const nestedStructure = [
    {
        id: 1, title: 'hello', parent: 0, children: [
            {
                id: 3, title: 'hello', parent: 1, children: [
                    {
                        id: 4, title: 'hello', parent: 3, children: [
                            {id: 5, title: 'hello', parent: 4},
                            {id: 6, title: 'hello', parent: 4}
                        ]
                    },
                    {id: 7, title: 'hello', parent: 3}
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        id: 2, title: 'hello', parent: 0, children: [
            {id: 8, title: 'hello', parent: 2}
        ]
    }
];

这里是一个递归函数,可以实现它。

function getNestedChildren(models, parentId) {
    const nestedTreeStructure = [];
    const length = models.length;

    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) { // for-loop for perf reasons, huge difference in ie11
        const model = models[i];

        if (model.parent == parentId) {
            const children = getNestedChildren(models, model.id);

            if (children.length > 0) {
                model.children = children;
            }

            nestedTreeStructure.push(model);
        }
    }

    return nestedTreeStructure;
}

Usuage:

const models = [
    {id: 1, title: 'hello', parent: 0},
    {id: 2, title: 'hello', parent: 0},
    {id: 3, title: 'hello', parent: 1},
    {id: 4, title: 'hello', parent: 3},
    {id: 5, title: 'hello', parent: 4},
    {id: 6, title: 'hello', parent: 4},
    {id: 7, title: 'hello', parent: 3},
    {id: 8, title: 'hello', parent: 2}
];
const nestedStructure = getNestedChildren(models, 0);

在我看来,这个问题很模糊,我可能会创建一个从ID到实际对象的映射。在伪Java中(我没有检查它是否工作/编译),它可能有点像:

Map<ID, FlatObject> flatObjectMap = new HashMap<ID, FlatObject>();

for (FlatObject object: flatStructure) {
    flatObjectMap.put(object.ID, object);
}

查找每个家长:

private FlatObject getParent(FlatObject object) {
    getRealObject(object.ParentID);
}

private FlatObject getRealObject(ID objectID) {
    flatObjectMap.get(objectID);
}

通过重用 getRealObject(ID) 在对象和对象集合(或其ID)之间进行映射时,您也会得到父对象和子对象映射。

我用C语言编写了一个通用的解决方案,大致基于@mehrdad afshari答案:

void Example(List<MyObject> actualObjects)
{
  List<TreeNode<MyObject>> treeRoots = actualObjects.BuildTree(obj => obj.ID, obj => obj.ParentID, -1);
}

public class TreeNode<T>
{
  public TreeNode(T value)
  {
    Value = value;
    Children = new List<TreeNode<T>>();
  }

  public T Value { get; private set; }
  public List<TreeNode<T>> Children { get; private set; }
}

public static class TreeExtensions
{
  public static List<TreeNode<TValue>> BuildTree<TKey, TValue>(this IEnumerable<TValue> objects, Func<TValue, TKey> keySelector, Func<TValue, TKey> parentKeySelector, TKey defaultKey = default(TKey))
  {
    var roots = new List<TreeNode<TValue>>();
    var allNodes = objects.Select(overrideValue => new TreeNode<TValue>(overrideValue)).ToArray();
    var nodesByRowId = allNodes.ToDictionary(node => keySelector(node.Value));

    foreach (var currentNode in allNodes)
    {
      TKey parentKey = parentKeySelector(currentNode.Value);
      if (Equals(parentKey, defaultKey))
      {
        roots.Add(currentNode);
      }
      else
      {
        nodesByRowId[parentKey].Children.Add(currentNode);
      }
    }

    return roots;
  }
}

对于任何对Eugene解决方案的C版感兴趣的人,请注意 节点列表 是作为地图访问的,因此请改用字典。

请记住,此解决方案仅在 桌子 被排序 亲本 .

var table = new[]
{
    new Node { parent_id = 0, id = 1 },
    new Node { parent_id = 0, id = 2 },
    new Node { parent_id = 0, id = 3 },
    new Node { parent_id = 1, id = 4 },
    new Node { parent_id = 1, id = 5 },
    new Node { parent_id = 1, id = 6 },
    new Node { parent_id = 2, id = 7 },
    new Node { parent_id = 7, id = 9 },
    new Node { parent_id = 8, id = 9 },
    new Node { parent_id = 3, id = 10 },
};

var root = new Node { id = 0 };
var node_list = new Dictionary<int, Node>{
    { 0, root }
};

foreach (var item in table)
{
    node_list.Add(item.id, item);
    node_list[item.parent_id].children.Add(node_list[item.id]);
}

节点定义如下。

class Node
{
    public int id { get; set; }
    public int parent_id { get; set; }
    public List<Node> children = new List<Node>();
}

你只使用那些属性吗?如果不是,那么最好创建一个子节点数组,在该数组中,您可以循环使用所有这些对象一次来构建这些属性。从那里,选择具有子节点但没有父节点的节点,并从上到下迭代地构建树。

我可以用4行代码和O(n log n)时间来完成这项工作,假设字典类似于treemap。

dict := Dictionary new.
ary do: [:each | dict at: each id put: each].
ary do: [:each | (dict at: each parent) addChild: each].
root := dict at: nil.

编辑 : 好吧,现在我读到一些parentid是假的,所以忘记上面的内容,这样做:

dict := Dictionary new.
dict at: nil put: OrderedCollection new.
ary do: [:each | dict at: each id put: each].
ary do: [:each | 
    (dict at: each parent ifAbsent: [dict at: nil]) 
          add: each].
roots := dict at: nil.

大多数答案都假设您希望在数据库之外进行此操作。如果您的树本质上是相对静态的,并且您只需要以某种方式将树映射到数据库中,那么您可能需要考虑在数据库端使用嵌套集表示。Joe Celko(或 here 以获取Celko的概述)。

如果仍然绑定到Oracle DBS,请检查它们的Connect By以获得直接的SQL方法。

无论采用哪种方法,您都可以在将数据加载到数据库之前完全跳过对树的映射。我只是想把它作为一种选择,它可能完全不适合你的特殊需要。原始问题的整个“正确顺序”部分在某种程度上意味着您出于某种原因需要在数据库中“正确”顺序?这可能也会促使我去处理那里的树木。

这与询问者所寻找的并不完全相同,但我很难将我的头绕在这里提供的含糊不清的答案周围,我仍然认为这个答案适合标题。

我的答案是将一个平面结构映射到一个直接位于对象树上的对象树,其中您所拥有的就是 ParentID 在每个对象上。 父节点 是 null 或 0 如果它是根。与提问者相反,我认为一切都有效 父节点 的指向列表中的其他内容:

var rootNodes = new List<DTIntranetMenuItem>();
var dictIntranetMenuItems = new Dictionary<long, DTIntranetMenuItem>();

//Convert the flat database items to the DTO's,
//that has a list of children instead of a ParentID.
foreach (var efIntranetMenuItem in flatIntranetMenuItems) //List<tblIntranetMenuItem>
{
    //Automapper (nuget)
    DTIntranetMenuItem intranetMenuItem =
                                   Mapper.Map<DTIntranetMenuItem>(efIntranetMenuItem);
    intranetMenuItem.Children = new List<DTIntranetMenuItem>();
    dictIntranetMenuItems.Add(efIntranetMenuItem.ID, intranetMenuItem);
}

foreach (var efIntranetMenuItem in flatIntranetMenuItems)
{
    //Getting the equivalent object of the converted ones
    DTIntranetMenuItem intranetMenuItem = dictIntranetMenuItems[efIntranetMenuItem.ID];

    if (efIntranetMenuItem.ParentID == null || efIntranetMenuItem.ParentID <= 0)
    {
        rootNodes.Add(intranetMenuItem);
    }
    else
    {
        var parent = dictIntranetMenuItems[efIntranetMenuItem.ParentID.Value];
        parent.Children.Add(intranetMenuItem);
        //intranetMenuItem.Parent = parent;
    }
}
return rootNodes;

下面是Ruby实现:

它将按属性名或方法调用的结果分类。

CatalogGenerator = ->(depth) do
  if depth != 0
    ->(hash, key) do
      hash[key] = Hash.new(&CatalogGenerator[depth - 1])
    end
  else
    ->(hash, key) do
      hash[key] = []
    end
  end
end

def catalog(collection, root_name: :root, by:)
  method_names = [*by]
  log = Hash.new(&CatalogGenerator[method_names.length])
  tree = collection.each_with_object(log) do |item, catalog|
    path = method_names.map { |method_name| item.public_send(method_name)}.unshift(root_name.to_sym)
  catalog.dig(*path) << item
  end
  tree.with_indifferent_access
end

 students = [#<Student:0x007f891d0b4818 id: 33999, status: "on_hold", tenant_id: 95>,
 #<Student:0x007f891d0b4570 id: 7635, status: "on_hold", tenant_id: 6>,
 #<Student:0x007f891d0b42c8 id: 37220, status: "on_hold", tenant_id: 6>,
 #<Student:0x007f891d0b4020 id: 3444, status: "ready_for_match", tenant_id: 15>,
 #<Student:0x007f8931d5ab58 id: 25166, status: "in_partnership", tenant_id: 10>]

catalog students, by: [:tenant_id, :status]

# this would out put the following
{"root"=>
  {95=>
    {"on_hold"=>
      [#<Student:0x007f891d0b4818
        id: 33999,
        status: "on_hold",
        tenant_id: 95>]},
   6=>
    {"on_hold"=>
      [#<Student:0x007f891d0b4570 id: 7635, status: "on_hold", tenant_id: 6>,
       #<Student:0x007f891d0b42c8
        id: 37220,
        status: "on_hold",
        tenant_id: 6>]},
   15=>
    {"ready_for_match"=>
      [#<Student:0x007f891d0b4020
        id: 3444,
        status: "ready_for_match",
        tenant_id: 15>]},
   10=>
    {"in_partnership"=>
      [#<Student:0x007f8931d5ab58
        id: 25166,
        status: "in_partnership",
        tenant_id: 10>]}}}

下面是Mehrdad Afshari的Java解决方案。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class Tree {

    Iterator<Node> buildTreeAndGetRoots(List<MyObject> actualObjects) {
        Map<Integer, Node> lookup = new HashMap<>();
        actualObjects.forEach(x -> lookup.put(x.id, new Node(x)));
        //foreach (var item in lookup.Values)
        lookup.values().forEach(item ->
                {
                    Node proposedParent;
                    if (lookup.containsKey(item.associatedObject.parentId)) {
                        proposedParent = lookup.get(item.associatedObject.parentId);
                        item.parent = proposedParent;
                        proposedParent.children.add(item);
                    }
                }
        );
        //return lookup.values.Where(x =>x.Parent ==null);
        return lookup.values().stream().filter(x -> x.parent == null).iterator();
    }

}

class MyObject { // The actual object
    public int parentId;
    public int id;
}

class Node {
    public List<Node> children = new ArrayList<Node>();
    public Node parent;
    public MyObject associatedObject;

    public Node(MyObject associatedObject) {
        this.associatedObject = associatedObject;
    }
}